Illegal gold mining has devastated more than 4,000 hectares of the Amazon between 2023 and 2024, disproportionately affecting indigenous communities and contributing to biodiversity loss in Brazil.
According to the report “Toxic Gold” published by Greenpeace Brazil, illegal mining has affected the territories of Yanomami, Munduruku, Kayapó, and Sararé, with significant changes in the distribution of exploitation.
## Impact of illegal mining and mercury contamination
Gold extraction not only generates deforestation but also involves the use of mercury, a highly toxic chemical that contaminates rivers and ecosystems, affecting wildlife and human health.
Despite efforts by the Lula da Silva government to strengthen security and surveillance, illegal mining activity has not decreased but has changed location:
– Yanomami: 7% reduction.
– Munduruku: 57% reduction.
– Kayapó: 31% reduction.
– Sararé: Dramatic 93% increase.
These data reflect the need for sustained long-term strategies to curb the expansion of illegal mining in vulnerable areas.
## Destinations of Brazilian gold and possible irregularities
The report highlights that the main destinations of gold exported from Brazil are:
1. Canada.
2. Switzerland.
3. United Kingdom.
Switzerland, in particular, plays a key role as the largest center for gold trading globally and the gateway for over half of the EU’s gold imports.
Moreover, the report points out discrepancies in trade data, revealing that in 2022 and 2023, Swiss imports exceeded Brazil’s declared exports by 67% and 62%, respectively, suggesting irregularities in the market.
## The growing global demand for gold
Despite the environmental impact, illegal mining continues driven by the growing global demand for gold, which increased by 44% in 2024 alone. Several central banks have expressed their intention to accumulate reserves, making it difficult to reduce illicit mining.
Harald Gross, a representative of Greenpeace Germany, denounces that the exploitation of the Amazon responds to the world’s hunger for gold, often destined for bank vaults where it simply gathers dust. Therefore, he urges international retailers to make their supply chains transparent and ensure that illegal gold stays out of the market.
## Towards greater regulation
The report highlights the urgency of improving regulation and increasing export supervision to prevent illegal gold from entering the global trade circuit.
The fight against illegal mining in the Amazon is not only essential for environmental conservation but also for the protection of indigenous rights and sustainable economic development.
*Cover photo: Greenpeace*
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