In nature, plants have developed a close relationship with frugivorous animals, which consume their fruits and contribute to the dispersal of their seeds. Throughout millions of years of evolution, these species have perfected mechanisms to attract their dispersers, adjusting the color, taste, size, and shape of their fruits to the sensory capabilities and preferences of different animals.
It is estimated that at least half of seed plants depend on animals for their reproduction and territorial expansion. This mutualistic interaction not only ensures the survival of plant species but also enriches ecosystems and promotes forest regeneration.
A recent study led by researchers from the Doñana Biological Station (CSIC) and the University of Seville, published in the journal PNAS, analyzed how individual plants within a population establish relationships with frugivorous animals. The results showed that these interactions follow predictable patterns, similar to those observed among different species, suggesting a structured organization in ecosystems.
Plants with fleshy fruits maintain relationships with multiple species, playing a key role in forest dynamics. Therefore, frugivorous animals are considered “forest gardeners“, as by attracting animals, they are responsible for transporting seeds to new areas, promoting the expansion and diversification of vegetation.
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Differences among individuals of the same species
In the study, researchers examined 44 populations of 29 plant species in South America, Asia, and Europe, combining niche theory with ecological network models. They discovered that within the same population, not all plants interact in the same way with frugivores. Some species act as generalists, attracting a wide diversity of dispersers, while others are more specialized, depending on a few animals for seed dispersal.
Scientists also identified key individuals, called “keystone,” that maintain a high number of interactions with frugivores and play an essential role in the ecosystem’s structure. These plants often produce a large number of fruits or are located in strategic positions that facilitate access for seed-dispersing animals.
This study reinforces the importance of understanding ecological interactions at an individual level to enhance ecosystem conservation strategies. Analyzing how plants and animals relate in different environments allows for a better understanding of global biodiversity structure and functioning.
A relationship that is nothing new
Plants and animals have a close relationship that developed over millions of years. They depend on each other to survive.
Plant dependence on animals
- Animals pollinate plants, enabling their reproduction.
- Animals help disperse plant seeds to new territories.
Animal dependence on plants
- Plants are the habitat for animals.
- Plants provide oxygen and food to animals.
Communication between plants and animals
- Plants communicate with animals through visual and chemical signals. For example, flowers attract pollinators with their colors and nectar.
- When plants are attacked, they release substances that attract their natural enemies.
The relationship between plants and animals can be symbiotic, mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic.
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