On May 20, the UN General Assembly approved with 141 votes in favor, 8 against, and 28 abstentions a non-binding resolution supporting the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued in July 2025. This ruling considers that the lack of action by States in the face of the climate crisis constitutes a violation of international law.
Secretary-General António Guterres celebrated the decision as a “powerful reaffirmation of international law, climate justice, science, and the responsibility of States.”
Content of the Resolution
The approved text includes:
- National climate action plans to limit the global temperature increase below 1.5 °C.
- Gradual elimination of subsidies for the exploration and exploitation of fossil fuels.
- Full reparation for damages caused to those who fail to meet their obligations.
- Recognition of “qualified crimes” involving widespread destruction or long-lasting damage to the environment.
Although the term “ecocide” was not included, the resolution acknowledges that qualified crimes may encompass comparable situations, such as massive wildfires or extreme pollution.
Opposition from Fossil Fuel Producers
The United States, Russia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia opposed the measure, arguing that it contains “inappropriate political demands.” The U.S. administration had previously pressured Vanuatu, a Pacific island nation and the original promoter of the draft, to withdraw the proposal.
Voices from Island States
The ambassador of Vanuatu, Odo Tevi, emphasized that the resolution matters because “the damage is real and already here, on our islands and coasts.” Pacific countries have been denouncing the disappearance of their territories due to rising sea levels for decades.
- In Tuvalu, more than a third of the population has applied for climate migration visas to Australia.
- In Nauru, the government resorts to selling passports to finance potential relocation efforts.
Reactions from Civil Society
- 350.org: highlighted that the vote brings communities closer to obtaining justice against the devastation caused by the fossil fuel industry.
- Human Rights Watch: noted that the UN reaffirms the global commitment to protect human rights, despite attempts by some oil-producing states to curb climate action.
Global Importance
The resolution marks a turning point in international climate law:
- It reinforces the legal obligation of States to protect people from the climate crisis.
- It establishes a framework to demand accountability and compensation for environmental damage.
- It sends a strong political message in a context of increasing pressure from the most vulnerable countries.
Although non-binding, the UN General Assembly resolution represents a significant step towards global climate justice.
For island states and the most affected communities, it is a sign of hope and a step towards building international mechanisms that compel major emitters to take responsibility.
