In 1987, Costa Rica faced a severe environmental crisis: its forest cover had decreased to just 21% due to agricultural and livestock expansion. However, thanks to a $500 million investment, the country has managed to reverse this situation and today has more than 60% of its territory covered by forests, standing out as a world leader in reforestation.
From forest devastation to a reforestation model
The drastic change in Costa Rica was not limited to simply planting trees. It was necessary to implement innovative policies that gave economic value to conservation. One of the most effective strategies was the Payment for Environmental Services (PES), which incentivizes landowners to maintain and protect their forests.
During the seventies and eighties, Costa Rica suffered from one of the highest deforestation rates worldwide. In 1950, more than 50% of the country was covered by forests, but by 1995, that figure had fallen to 25%. The most critical point was recorded in 1987 with only 21% coverage.
The loss of forests not only reduced the habitat of multiple species but also increased soil erosion and river vulnerability. Deforestation generates an impact that transcends the immediate environment.
The PES, which has been funded through fuel taxes and carbon credits, has already benefited more than 18,000 families, with over 1.3 million hectares under its protection and an investment of $524 million.
Ecosystem restoration is not achieved by just replanting. According to a recent study, allowing lands to regenerate naturally has been crucial. This process has shown that naturally regenerated forests are acoustically similar to mature forests, while monoculture plantations, like teak, show less rich recovery.
The sound of a forest is indicative of its health, and in these regenerated ecosystems, the return of biodiversity has been proven, with animals and plants recovering their ecological functions.
Protected areas have been fundamental. Costa Rica protects 25% of its territory, which has been vital for biodiversity. Although the country represents only 0.03% of the Earth’s surface, it harbors about 6% of the world’s biodiversity.
The economic approach was also crucial. The country has demonstrated that forests can generate income through ecotourism, research, and other environmental services, benefiting many local communities.
However, the challenge persists. Despite the success, young forests do not immediately replace primary forests, and threats such as climate change, urbanization, and illegal species trafficking continue.
Costa Rica’s experience offers valuable lessons for other countries. Beyond flora and fauna, what is replicable is the political will to drive forest recovery.
